Techniques for evaluating insect resistance in crop plants. Principles of hostplant resistance to insect pests. Types and mechanisms of host plant resistance to insect. In this article we will discuss about the insect resistance in plants. Plant resistance to insect pests has advantages over other direct control tactics. Despite this, resistant pests have been found in the us and in india. This form of resistance include general vigour, compensatory growth in individual plants and or the plant population, wound healing, mechanical support in tissues and organs and changes. Rothamsted research, harpenden, hartfordshire, united kingdom about.
The first transgenic crop plants showing insect resistance were grown commercially with modification of the cry gene isolated from b. Insect control is serious and greatest challenge for agricultural crops. The seminal work in the establishment of hpr as a distinct discipline was reginald painters insect resistance in crop plants, first published in 1951. Based on author s personal research work, a number of diseases in specifies crops have been discussed, supplemented with. All content on this website, including dictionary, thesaurus, literature, geography, and other reference data is for informational purposes only. Section 3 is dedicated to some general questions in insecticide. The research proposed here will add to our knowledge of the plant traits conferring resistance to the major insect pests of potato and will contribute to efforts to make resistant varieties available to potato farmers worldwide. Insectresistant crops through genetic engineering mu. Many plants produce secondary metabolites, known as allelochemicals, that influence. Insect resistance held on an external server, and so may require additional authentication details croplife international fully acknowledges the source and authors of the publication as detailed above. The americas journal of plant science and biotechnology 2011 global science books potato resistance to insects yvan pelletier1 finbarr g. Examines the molecular biology and genetics of insect resistance in crop plants, and insect genes capable of. It results from insect plant coevolution and is crucial for their coexistence. Insect resistance management irm is the scientific approach to preventing or delaying pest evolution and its negative impacts on agriculture, public health, and veterinary issues.
Genewatch uk pest resistant crops pest resistant crops. This approach utilizes a combination of host plant resistance and cultural, biological and chemical control methods. Host plant resistance hpr to insects is an effective, economical, and environment friendly method of pest control. Insect resistant corn and cotton have been credited with reducing the amount of chemical insecticides applied worldwide to those crops by 6. The global scenario of crop damage inflicted by insects is a matter of serious concern. Modern agriculture provides novel solutions to age old problems. Insects, mites, and ticks have a long history of evolving resistance to pesticides, hostplant resistance, crop rotation, pathogens, and parasitoids.
Toenniessen gh, otoole jc, devries j 2003 advances in plant biotechnology and its adoption in developing countries. The deployment of multiple resistance genes or gene pyramiding, requires the incorporation in the plant genome of genes encoding two or more toxins possessing different modes of action. This book contains 20 chapters, which are divided into 5 sections. Plant resistance to insects is a natural phenomenon based on plant selfdefense mechanisms. This has been particularly dramatic in cotton, where the use of bt varieties has been integral to campaigns to eradicate major pests such as the pink bollworm from cotton. It results from insectplant coevolution and is crucial for their coexistence. Management of insect pests by plant resistance cornell. Resistance morphological resistance hairs, spines, hook, sticky glands, immobilizing insects or puncturing their body wall chemical resistance various toxic compounds mechanical resistance squirtgun. Insect resistance is striking for its sophisticated understanding of the complexities of crop plantpest interactions and for its prescience with respect to the latter point, the importance to plant resistance of plant phenotypic. Host plant resistance to insects laboratory soybean quality improvement laboratory the longterm goal of research conducted in the small grains insect resistance laboratory is to identify, characterize and utilize genetic mechanisms that confer durable insect resistance to crop plants. Tattersall db, bak s, jones pr, olsen ce, nielsen jk, hansen ml, hoj pb, moller bl 2001 resistance to an herbivore through engineered cyanogenic glucoside synthesis.
Examines the molecular biology and genetics of insect resistance in crop plants, and insect genes capable of overcoming discusses how to identify and develop plant materials with. For example, plant resistance to insects is compatible with insecticide use, while biological control is not. The most attractive feature of hpr is that farmers virtually do not need any. During plant domestication, some important features of plant resistance may be inadvertantly removed by. Bibliography includes bibliographical references p.
Pesticide resistance describes the decreased susceptibility of a pest population to a pesticide that was previously effective at controlling the pest. The international plant resistance to insects working group is an affiliation of researchers and practitioners that are advancing the development and use of plants with resistance to insects and other arthropods. Importance of growing insect resistant crop in pest management programmes is discussed with reference to some of the major aspects of insect resistance in crop plants in tamil nadu and emphasis has been made in highlighting the fact that the plant resistance to insect should form the foundation upon which other components of the integrated pest management should be built. Initial organic products of assimilation of nammonium and nnitrate by tobacco cells cultured on different sources of nitrogen. Host plant resistance definition types and mechanisms ecological and genetic resistance host plant resistance hpr definition those characters that enable a plant to avoid, tolerate or recover from attacks of insects under conditions that would cause greater injury to other plants of the same. Section 1 covers different aspects of insecticide resistance of selected economically important plant insect pests, whereas section 2 includes chapters about the importance, development and insecticide resistance management in controlling malaria vectors. Any plant cell that has the bt gene must also have the resistance gene that was attached to it. Crop plant and insect diversity secondary plant metabolites for insect resistance insectplant interactions host plant selection mechanisms of resistance factors affecting expression of resistance screening for insect resistance plant resistance and insect pest management genetics of resistance. There are even insects that manage to fool the plant to mount a pathogen response that allows the insect to continue to feed on the plant. However, bt toxins are inherently more toxic to insects than the plantderived gene products, resulting in a higher level of plant resistance at comparable levels of gene expression. Whereas, antibiosis and antixenosis resistance cause an insect response when the insect attempts to use the resistant plant for food, oviposition, or shelter. Of the expressions of plant resistance that are chemical, the socalled secondary plant compounds appear to be dominant.
The broad coverage includes crop plant and insect diversity, mechanisms of insectplant interactions, host plant selection, components of resistance, the biochemical basis for resistance, mechanisms of resistance, factors affecting expression of resistance, screening techniques for resistance, the role of insect. Department of entomology university ofcalifornia riverside. Against the background of advances in plant pathology, it is described how bacterial, fungus, virus and other plant diseases are transmitted through insects. During sporulation, insecticidal protein crystals called bt toxins were produced by this grampositive. Host plant resistance to insects, particularly, induced resistance, can also be manipulated with the use of chemical elicitors of secondary metabolites, which confer resistance to insects. Researchers grow the plant cells in the presence of the antibiotic or herbicide and select the plant cells that are unaffected by it. An enzymatic basis for atrazine resistance in corn.
Principles of host plant resistance to insect pests. Description this book contains 6 chapters focusing on the following topics. Host plant resistance to insects in searchworks catalog. Discusses how to identify and develop plant materials with resistance to insect pests. Pest species evolve pesticide resistance via natural selection.
Neuware resistance to insect is the inheritable property that enables a plant to inhibit the growth of insect population or to recover from injury caused by populations that were not inhibited to grow. Crop resistance to insect pests university of manitoba. The study of herbivory and plant resistance in natural and. The use of heritable plant traits to reduce plant damage resulting from insect herbivory crop resistance is a relative phenomenon, eg. Engineering herbicide resistance in plants by expression. Insectresistant crop varieties offer the promise of environmentally compatible pest management and inexpensive crop insurance for resourcepoor farmers. This could be achieved though the use of several b. Host plant resistance to insects in integrated pest.
Herbicide resistance does not equate to poor performance of a herbicide. It also provides an overview of the fascinating field of insect plant relationships, which is fundamental to the study of host plant resistance to insects. Plant defense against herbivory or hostplant resistance hpr describes a range of adaptations evolved by plants which improve their survival and reproduction by reducing the impact of herbivores. Examines the molecular biology and genetics of insect resistance in crop plants, and insect genes capable of overcoming resistance to form insect.
Resistant weeds can often survive application of herbicide at rates that are much greater than the recommended rate. These genetically transformed plant cells are then grown into whole plants by a process called tissue culture. Covers terminology and categories of resistance, and presents techniques for studying plant resistance. Aspects of insect resistance in crop plants springerlink. Pmc free article skokut ta, wolk cp, thomas j, meeks jc, shaffer pw. Insect host plant resistance how is insect host plant. The 23rd biannual international plant resistance to. During plant domestication, some important features of plant resistance may be inadvertantly removed by the breeders, increasing their susceptibility. Volume brings into focus the crucial role played by insects in the spread and development of various plant diseases.
Introduce native bacterial genes into plant nuclei resulted only in low levels of expression because native bt genes are different from that of plant nuclear dna. A historical account of plant resistance terminology is presented. Plants in the allium family, such as the dramatic allium giganteum which has flower heads that adorn stalks up to 6 feet tall, are regarded as a broadspectrum natural insecticide. Also gives consideration to potentially resistant material. Bt crops are supposed to be grown with refuges of nongm crops and plants to reduce the likelihood of the targeted pests developing resistance meaning that they are no longer killed by the toxin produced in the plant. Genes for insect resistance from various sources 3. Herbicide resistance is the inherited ability of an individual plant to survive a herbicide application that would kill a normal population of the same species.